Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder, commonly referred to as clinical depression, is characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. Symptoms must last for at least two weeks to qualify as MDD and may include:

• Low energy or fatigue

• Difficulty concentrating

• Changes in appetite and sleep patterns

• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness

• Suicidal thoughts or behaviour

At Elizabeth House, we understand that depression is more than just feeling down. It can be debilitating, affecting every aspect of life. Our treatment programmes include evidence-based therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), which helps individuals reframe negative thought patterns, and medication management for those needing pharmacological intervention.

Bipolar disorder is characterised by extreme mood swings, ranging from depressive lows to manic or hypomanic highs. It is divided into several subtypes:

• Bipolar I Disorder: Involves severe manic episodes lasting at least seven days, often followed by depressive episodes. Manic episodes may require hospitalisation if they become severe.

• Bipolar II Disorder: Characterised by hypomanic episodes (less intense than full mania) and alternating periods of depression.

• Cyclothymic Disorder: A milder form of bipolar disorder, with symptoms that do not meet the criteria for full manic or depressive episodes but still cause significant distress and disruption.

Individuals with bipolar disorder may experience periods of normal mood between episodes, but the unpredictability of mood swings can lead to difficulties in maintaining a stable life. Treatment at Elizabeth House focuses on mood stabilisation, often involving medications like mood stabilisers and antipsychotics, alongside therapy to help patients manage their mood fluctuations.

Dysthymia is a chronic form of depression, where symptoms may not be as severe as those in MDD, but they last for an extended period (typically two years or more). Individuals with persistent depressive disorder often feel a constant sense of sadness or low mood, and they may experience:

• Poor self-esteem

• Fatigue

• Difficulty making decisions

• Irritability

Because the symptoms are less intense but longer-lasting, individuals with dysthymia may not always recognise the condition as a disorder. At Elizabeth House, we aim to raise awareness of this often-overlooked condition and offer a range of treatments, including psychotherapy and lifestyle interventions, to help individuals regain a sense of joy and purpose.

Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, is a milder form of bipolar disorder characterised by chronic mood swings. Individuals may alternate between hypomania and mild depression, but the highs and lows are not as extreme as in bipolar I or II disorder. Even though the mood swings are less severe, they can still disrupt daily life, relationships, and work.

Treatment for cyclothymic disorder at Elizabeth House includes psychoeducation, therapy, and, in some cases, medications. Our goal is to help individuals identify and manage their mood fluctuations before they progress to more severe forms of mood disorders.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression related to the changing seasons, most commonly occurring during the winter months when there is less natural sunlight. Symptoms may include:

• Low energy

• Overeating or weight gain

• Difficulty concentrating

• Social withdrawal

SAD is often treated with light therapy, a special form of treatment involving exposure to artificial light that mimics natural sunlight. Elizabeth House offers light therapy along with conventional treatments like psychotherapy and medication to help patients manage the symptoms of SAD effectively.

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a cornerstone of treatment for mood disorders. It helps individuals explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in a safe and supportive setting. Elizabeth House offers several forms of psychotherapy, including:

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): A structured form of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours. CBT is particularly effective for treating depression and anxiety.

• Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): A type of therapy that helps individuals regulate their emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, and develop coping strategies. DBT is often used for individuals with bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder.

• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): This therapy focuses on improving communication and relationships, which can often be strained in individuals with mood disorders.

Medications play a crucial role in managing mood disorders, particularly in cases where psychotherapy alone is insufficient. Common medications prescribed at Elizabeth House include:

• Antidepressants: These medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), are often used to treat depression by increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.

• Mood Stabilisers: Medications like lithium or valproate are commonly used to manage bipolar disorder, helping to stabilise mood swings and prevent episodes of mania or depression.

• Antipsychotics: In some cases, antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms of severe mood disorders, particularly during manic episodes.

Our medical team works closely with each patient to find the right medication regimen, carefully monitoring for side effects and adjusting treatment as needed.

Many individuals with mood disorders have experienced trauma, whether in childhood or later in life. At Elizabeth House, we adopt a trauma-informed approach to care, ensuring that our treatment plans are sensitive to the needs of individuals with a history of trauma. This means creating a safe, supportive environment where individuals feel empowered to heal.

In addition to therapy and medication, lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing mood disorders. Elizabeth House encourages patients to adopt healthy habits that promote mental well-being, including:

• Exercise: Physical activity has been shown to boost mood by increasing levels of endorphins and reducing stress.

• Nutrition: A balanced diet rich in essential nutrients supports brain health and emotional stability.

• Sleep: Establishing a regular sleep routine is crucial for managing mood disorders, particularly in individuals with bipolar disorder who may experience disrupted sleep patterns.

• Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Practices such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can help individuals manage stress and regulate their emotions.

Mood disorders affect not only the individual but also their loved ones. Family involvement is an essential component of the treatment process at Elizabeth House. We offer family therapy and educational programmes to help families understand mood disorders and develop strategies for supporting their loved ones during recovery.